Abdulnour, Raja-Elie E., Gin, Brian, & Boscardin, Christy K. (2025). Educational Strategies for Clinical Supervision of Artificial Intelligence Use. New England Journal of Medicine, 393 (8), 786-797.
REFERENCIA ORIGINALLEER · CONSULTAR
Almansour, Mohammed, & Alfhaid, Fahad Mohammad (2024). Generative artificial intelligence and the personalization of health professional education: A narrative review. Medicine, 103 (31), e38955.
Autio, Chloe, Schwartz, Reva, Dunietz, Jesse, Jain, Shomik, Stanley, Martin, Tabassi, Elham, Hall, Patrick, & Roberts, Kamie (2024). Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework: Generative Artificial Intelligence Profile. NIST.
Ayers, John W., Poliak, Adam, Dredze, Mark, Leas et al. (2023). Comparing Physician and Artificial Intelligence Chatbot Responses to Patient Questions Posted to a Public Social Media Forum. JAMA Internal Medicine, 183 (6), 589596.
Bailey, James E. (2011). Does health information technology dehumanize health care? Virtual Mentor, 13(3), 181-185.
Bazoukis, George, Hall, Jennifer, Loscalzo, Joseph et al. (2022). The inclusion of augmented intelligence in medicine: A framework for successful implementation. Cell Reports Medicine, 3 (1), 100485.
Birbaumer, Niels & Cohen, Leonardo G. (2007). Brain–computer interfaces: Communication and restoration of movement in paralysis. The Journal of Physiology, 579 (3), 621-636.
Budzy■, Krzysztof, Roma■czyk, Marcin, Kitala, Diana, et al. (2025). Endoscopist deskilling risk after exposure to artificial intelligence in colonoscopy: A multicentre, observational study. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 10: 896-903.
Campbell, Denis (2025). ‘From taboo to tool’: 30% of GPs in UK use AI tools in patient consultations, study finds. The Guardian. Recuperado el 18 de marzo de 2026 de
Canadian Medical Association (2026). Administrative burden is driving physician burnout, and puts access to care at risk. Canadian Medical Association. Recuperado el 18 de marzo de 2026 de
Chatzichristos, Christos, Chatzichristos, Georgios, Borremans, Isabelle et al. (2025). Bridging the AI-Literacy Gap in Health Care: Qualitative Analysis of the Flanders Case Study. J Med Internet Res., 27: E76709.
Dhand, Ritu (2024). Global Research Pulse: China Report. Springer Nature. Recuperado el 18 de marzo de 2026 de
EU Artificial Intelligence Act (2026). Up-to-date developments and analyses of the EU AI Act. EU Artificial Intelligence Act. Recuperado el 18 de marzo de 2026 de
European Medicines Agency. Reflection paper on the use of artificial intelligence in the lifecycle of medicines (2023). European Medicines Agency. Recuperado el 18 de marzo de 2026 de
European Union. Consolidated text: Regulation (EU) 2017/745 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2017 on medical devices, amending Directive 2001/83/EC, Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 and Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 and repealing Council Directives 90/385/EEC and 93/42/EEC (Text with EEA relevance). Eur-Lex.
Feldman, Jonah, Testa, Paul A. Zaretsky, Jonah (2025) Artificial Intelligence Tools Make Education Materials More Patient Friendly. NYU Langone News. Recuperado el 18 de marzo de 2026 de
Gil, Yolanda & Perrault, Raymond (codirectors). (2025). The 2025 AI Index. Stanford University. Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence.
Gil-Almagro, Fernanda, Carmona-Monge, F. Javier, García-Hedrera, Fernando J. et al (2025). Evolution of burnout syndrome in Spanish healthcare professionals during and after the COVID-19 pandemic: Psychosocial variables involved. Frontiers in Medicine, 12: 1522134.
Goh, Ethan, Gallo, Robert, Hom, Jason, et al. , (2024). Large Language Model Influence on Diagnostic Reasoning: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Network Open, 7 (10), e2440969.
Goodson, David Alexander, Garcia, Brittany, Hogarth, Michael et al. (2025). Artificial intelligence and physician burnout: A productivity paradox. Learning Health Systems, 9 (4), e70013.
Google. Automatically generating and ranking results. Google Search. Recuperado el 18 de marzo de 2026 de
Hassan, Masooma, Kushniruk, Andre, & Borycki, Elizabeth. (2024). Barriers to and Facilitators of Artificial Intelligence Adoption in Health Care: Scoping Review. JMIR Human Factors, 11, e48633.
Jussupow, Ekaterina, Spohrer, Kai, Heinzl, Armin (2022). Identity Threats as a Reason for Resistance to Artificial Intelligence: Survey Study with Medical Students and Professionals. JMIR Form Res., 6(3): e28750.
Karthikesalingam, Alan & Natarajan, Vivek (2024). AMIE: A research AI system for diagnostic medical reasoning and conversations. Google Research. Recuperado el 18 de marzo de 2026 de
Khorram, Yasmin & Reader, Ruth (2026). Artificial intelligence begins prescribing medications in Utah. POLITICO. Recuperado el 18 de marzo de 2026 de
Komasawa, Nobuyasu, & Yokohira, Masanao. (2025). Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Medical Education: A Narrative Review of the Challenges and Possibilities for Future Professionalism. Cureus, 17 (6), e86316.
Kosmyna, Nataliya, Hauptmann, Eugene, Yuan, Ye Ton et al. (2025). Your Brain on ChatGPT: Accumulation of Cognitive Debt when Using an AI Assistant for Essay Writing Task. arXiv:2506.08872v2.
Kruse, C. S., Kristof, C., Jones, B. et al. (2016). Barriers to Electronic Health Record Adoption: A Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Medical Systems, 40, 252.
Landi, Heather (2026). 40M people use ChatGPT to get answers to healthcare questions, OpenAI says. Fierce Healthcare. Recuperado el 18 de marzo de 2026 de
Lazcano, Eduardo (2025). Mapa de miedos sobre la IA: lo que no te contarán entre slides y promesas. Eduardo Lazcano. Recuperado el 18 de marzo de 2026, de
Lea, Andrew S. (2025). Cognitive Aids, Artificial Intelligence, and Deskilling in Medicine: The History of an Enduring Anxiety. NEJM AI, 3 (1), AIp2500932.
Lee, Peter, Bubeck, Sebastien, & Petro, Joseph. (2023). Benefits, Limits, and Risks of GPT-4 as an AI Chatbot for Medicine. New England Journal of Medicine, 388 (13), 1233-1239.
Leung, Tiffany I., Coristine, Andrew J., Benis, Arriel (2025). AI Scribes in Health Care: Balancing Transformative Potential with Responsible Integration. JMIR Med Inform. 3: e80898.
Llaneras, Kiko. (2024). La IA es una quimera real: Puede hacer el mundo radicalmente mejor. El País. Recuperado el 18 de marzo de 2026 de
Menéndez, María. (2025). Dos de cada tres personas acuden a la IA para consultar temas sanitarios y casi el 25% se autodiagnostica. RTVE. Recuperado el 18 de marzo de 2026 de
Meyer, Rachel, & Desai, Sukumar P. (2015). Accepting Pain Over Comfort: Resistance to the Use of Anesthesia in the Mid-19th Century. Journal of Anesthesia History, 1(4), 115-121. doi: 10.1016/j.janh.2015.07.027
Morin, Hervé (2024). Our Neanderthal heritage dates back 45,000 years. Le Monde. Recuperado el 18 de marzo de 2026 de
NHS (2025) Patient safety issues associated with electronic patient record (EPR) systems – a thematic review. Health Services Safety Investigations Body (HSSIB) Recuperado el 18 de marzo de 2026 de
Nowell, April (2023). Rethinking Neandertals. Annual Review of Anthropology, 52: 151-170.
Obermeyer, Ziad & Emanuel, Ezekiel J. (2016). Predicting the Future—Big Data, Machine Learning, and Clinical Medicine. The New England journal of medicine, 375 (13): 1216-1219,
Olah, Petra & Lukacs, Bence (2025). Generative AI in Healthcare: Reducing the Administrative Burden and Leaving More Time for Patients. Digital Leaders. Recuperado el 18 de marzo de 2026 de
Olson, Kristine D., Meeker, Daniella, Troup, Matt, et al. (2025). Use of Ambient AI Scribes to Reduce Administrative Burden and Professional Burnout. JAMA Network Open, 8 (10), e2534976.
OpenAI. AI as a Healthcare Ally. How Americans are navigating the system with ChatGPT (2026). OpenAI Help Center. Recuperado el 18 de marzo de 2026 de
OpenAI. What are tokens and how to count them? (2026). OpenAI Help Center. Recuperado el 18 de marzo de 2026 de
OpenAI. (2026). Best practices for prompt engineering with the OpenAI API. OpenAI Help Center. Recuperado el de marzo de 2026 de
Ordak, Michal. (2023). Using ChatGPT in Statistical Analysis: Recommendations for JACC Journals. JACC Adv., 3 (2), 100776.
Padmakumar, Vishakh & He, He. (2024). Does Writing with Language Models Reduce Content Diversity? arXiv:2309.05196v3.
Parasuraman, Raja & Manzey, Dietrich H. (2010) Complacency and bias in human use of automation: An attentional integration. Hum Factors. 52 (3): 381410.
Perez, Marco V., Mahaffey, Kenneth W., Hedlin, Haley, et al. (2019). LargeScale Assessment of a Smartwatch to Identify Atrial Fibrillation. The New England Journal of Medicine, 381 (20), 1909-1917.
Richardson, Reese A. K., Hong, Spencer S., Byrne, Jennifer A., et al. (2025). The entities enabling scientific fraud at scale are large, resilient, and growing rapidly. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A., 122 (32), e2420092122.
Robeznieks, Andis. (2024). AI is already reshaping care. Here’s what it means for doctors. American Medical Association. Recuperado el 18 de marzo de 2026 de
Safi, Sabur, Thiessen, Thomas, & Schmailzl, Kurt JG. (2018). Acceptance and Resistance of New Digital Technologies in Medicine: Qualitative Study. JMIR Research Protocols, 7 (12), e11072.
Salmon, Peter, Ring, Adele, Dowrick, Christopher F., et al. (2005). What do general practice patients want when they present medically unexplained symptoms, and why do their doctors feel pressurized? Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 59 (4): 255-260.
Sauder, Matthew, Tritsch, Tara, Rajput, Vijay, et al. (2024). Exploring Generative Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Medical Education: Assessing Case-Based Learning for Medical Students. Cureus, 16 (1): e51961.
Schwaber-Cohen, Roie, Patel, Arjun (2025). Chunking Strategies for LLM Applications. Pinecone. Recuperado el 18 de marzo de 2026 de
Schwartz, Eric Hal. (2022). British Member of Parliament Reads ChatGPT-Generated Speech and Poem to House of Commons. Voicebot.Ai. Recuperado el 18 de marzo de 2026 de
Sharma, Vinod (2024). Powerful AI in 2025: Why AI in 2025 Feels Like the Internet in 1995. Vinod Sharma’s Blog. Recuperado el 18 de marzo de 2026 de
Shekar, Shruthi, Pataranutaporn, Pat, Sarabu, Chethan, et al. (2024). People over trust AI-generated medical responses and view them to be as valid as doctors, despite low accuracy. arXiv:2408.15266v1.
Shuster, Kurt, Poff, Spencer, Chen, Moya, et al. (2021). Retrieval Augmentation Reduces Hallucination in Conversation. arXiv:2104.07567v1.
Sinsky, Christine, Colligan, Lacey, Li, Ling et al. (2016). Allocation of Physician Time in Ambulatory Practice: A Time and Motion Study in 4 Specialties. Ann Intern Med., 165(11): 753-760.
Slotte, Aril, Salthaug, Are, Vatnehol, Sindre, et al. (2025). Herring spawned poleward following fishery-induced collective memory loss. Nature, 642: 965-972.
Sokol, Kacper, Fackler, James & Vogt, Julia E. (2025). Artificial intelligence should genuinely support clinical reasoning and decision making to bridge the translational gap. Npj Digital Medicine, 8: 345,
Sridharan, Srinath, Xin Hui, Alicia Seah, Venkataraman, Narayan, et al, (2024), Real-World evaluation of an AI triaging system for chest X-rays: A prospective clinical study. European Journal of Radiology. 181: 111783,
Svensson, Thomas, Madhawa, Kaushalya, Nt, Hoang, et al. (2024). Validity and reliability of the Oura Ring Generation 3 (Gen3) with Oura sleep staging algorithm 2.0 (OSSA 2.0) when compared to multi-night ambulatory polysomnography: A validation study of 96 participants and 421,045 epochs. Sleep Medicine. 115: 251-263,
Tegomoh, Brian (última actualización, 2026. The Physician-AI Partnership: Future Perspectives. The Physician AI Handbook (Part 5) Recuperado el 18 de marzo de 2026, de
The Council on Business & Society (2025). Is AI Creating Incompetent Experts? Council on Business & Society Insights. Recuperado el 18 de marzo de 2026 de
Thurrot, Paul (1998). Windows 98 crashes during Gates demo. ITPro Today. Recuperado el 18 de marzo de 2026 de
U. S. Food & Drug Administration (2026). Clinical Decision Support Software: Guidance for Industry and Food and Drug Administration Staff. U. S. Food & Drug Administration.
Vaesen, Krist, Scherjon, Fulco, Hemerik, Lia, et al. (2019). Inbreeding, Allee effects and stochasticity might be sufficient to account for Neanderthal extinction. PLOS ONE, 14 (11), e0225117.
Van Veen, Dave, Van Uden, Cara, Blankemeier, Louise, et al. (2023). Clinical Text Summarization: Adapting Large Language Models Can Outperform Human Experts. Nature Med. 30(4): 1134-1142.
Varma, Niraj, Braunschweig, Frieder, Burri, Haran, et al. (2023). Remote monitoring of cardiac implantable electronic devices and disease management. EP Europace, 25 (9): euad233.
Vaswani, Ashish, Shazeer, Noam, Parmar, Niki, et al. (2023). Attention Is All You Need. arXiv:1706.03762v7.
Wang, Weiwei, Min, Jiyong, Zou, Weijie (2026). Intelligence Degradation in Long-Context LLMs: Critical Threshold Determination via Natural Length Distribution Analysis. arXiv:2601.15300v1.
Wise, Jacqui (2025). Electronic patient records pose “persistent” risk to patient safety, watchdog warns. The BMJ. 391: r2519.
World Health Organization. (2025). Ethics and governance of artificial intelligence for health: Guidance on large multi-modal models. World Health Organization. ISBN: ISBN 978-92-4-008475-9.
Wu N., Whitelaw H., Wang Q. eta al. (2025). Artificial intelligence tools for reducing administrative burden among front-line healthcare providers. Hamilton: McMaster Health Forum (Rapid evidence synthesis 129).
Yeon, Lee Soo (2023). What does «CONTEXT WINDOW» mean in the documentation. OpenAI Developer Community. Recuperado el 18 de marzo de 2026 de
Zhou, Jiacheng, Zhang, Jintao., Wan, Rongrong, et al. (2025). Integrating AI into clinical education: Evaluating general practice trainees’ proficiency in distinguishing AI-generated hallucinations and impacting factors. BMC Medical Education. 25(406).
Consensus. Consensus: AI for Research. Recuperado el 18 de marzo de 2026 de
Elicit. AI for scientific research. Recuperado 23 de enero de 2026 de
Foundation 29. Revolucionando el sistema sanitario con tecnología. Rompiendo barreras... para no dejar a nadie atrás. Fundación 29 de febrero. Recuperado el 18 de marzo de 2026 de
OpenEvidence. OpenEvidence: America’s Official Medical Knowledge Platform. Recuperado el 18 de marzo de 2026 de